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Document 0043
DOCN CDC94043
TI HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral: Terms Used in HIV Prevention
DT 9408
SO CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse - August 1994
TX TERMS USED IN HIV PREVENTION
ABSTINENCE: Refraining from participating in something. When talking
about HIV, abstinence refers to not engaging in sexual intercourse or
injecting drugs.
AIDS: The acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS can
affect the immune and central nervous systems and can result in
neurological problems, infections, or cancers. It is caused by HIV.
ANAL SEX: A type of sexual intercourse in which a man's penis enters
his partner's anus.
ANONYMOUS: Without any identification. The term is used in regard to
HIV testing when the persons ordering and performing the test do not
maintain a record of the name or identity of the person whose blood
they are testing.
ANTIBODIES: Proteins that are manufactured by the immune system in
response to foreign substances.
ANTIBODY TEST: A laboratory procedure which detects antibodies to
specific microorganisms. An HIV antibody test determines if a person's
body has produced antibodies to HIV but does not detect the virus
itself.
ANTIDISCRIMINATION PROTECTION: Provisions of laws that impose
penalties for discrimination because of a person's HIV infection or
perceived risk of infection.
ANTIVIRAL: Pertaining to something that inhibits the actions of a
virus. Antiviral therapy refers to a treatment that works against the
virus itself.
ANUS: The opening of the body through which feces or bowel movements
pass. The anus is the part of the body which is penetrated during anal
sex.
APPROPRIATE DISCLOSURE: Notifying specific people of a client's HIV
risks or infection to other people because of their risk of exposure
or their ability to provide medical assistance or support.
ASYMPTOMATIC: Being infected but having no symptoms of infection.
BISEXUAL: A person whose sex partners are both men and women. A
bisexual can be a man or a woman.
CD4 TESTING: A laboratory blood test that counts a subset of white
blood cells as an aid to determining immune function. Certain counts
are indications for starting medications for persons with HIV
infection.
CLIENT: A person to whom professional services are rendered.
CLIENT-CENTERED APPROACH: Refers to counseling conducted in an
interactive manner responsive to individual client needs. Avoids a
preconceived set of points to be made by the counselor and encourages
the client to do most of the talking. Focuses on developing goals with
the client rather than simply providing information or imposing
counselor goals.
CONDOM: Commonly called rubbers, condoms are sheaths that fit over a
man's penis or into a woman's vagina to prevent semen from entering
the partner's body after ejaculation. Condoms also prevent a man's
penis from coming in contact with his partner's body fluids.
CONFIDENTIAL: Kept private. In regard to HIV testing, it means that
the results of a test are known only to the person who is being tested
and the immediate group of people who provide care and prevention
services for that person.
COUNSELING: Helping people plan actions that will benefit themselves
or others. Unless designated as group counseling or couple counseling,
the word is used here to describe one-on-one discussions.
DISCORDANT: Conflicting. Used to describe the circumstances in which
one partner is infected with HIV and the other is not.
EIA: See ELISA.
EARLY INTERVENTION: The set of medical, preventive and psychosocial
services provided to persons upon diagnosis of HIV infection. Involves
monitoring indicators of immune function as signals to provide
interventions to delay the onset of illness, psychosocial support, and
measures to prevent transmission.
ELISA: Acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The laboratory
test most commonly used to screen for antibodies to HIV. See Positive
Test.
FALSE-NEGATIVE: A negative test result for a person who is actually
infected.
FALSE-POSITIVE: A positive test result for a person who is actually
not infected.
HETEROSEXUAL: A person whose sex partners are exclusively persons of
the opposite sex.
HIV : Human immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes AIDS.
HOMOSEXUAL: A person whose sex partners are exclusively members of the
same sex. A homosexual man is called a gay man. A homosexual woman is
called a lesbian.
IMMUNE STATUS: The state of the body's natural ability to fight
diseases.
IMMUNE SYSTEM: The body's mechanism to identify and fight off
infections and other foreign substances.
INJECTED DRUGS: Drugs that are introduced directly into a person's
body or bloodstream through a needle. These include cocaine, crack,
heroin, and steroids.
INDETERMINATE: Not determined one way or another. Inconclusive test
results; the laboratory is unable to state whether antibody is present
or not.
INTERVENTION: An action taken to change an outcome.
MASTURBATION: Stimulating a man's penis or a woman's clitoris.
MONOGAMOUS: Having an exclusive sexual relationship with only one
partner. Mutual monogamy means neither partner has sex with other
people.
MORBIDITY: Illness or disease.
MORTALITY: Death.
NEGOTIATED RISK REDUCTION PLAN: Discussions that result in identifying
the steps that a client thinks he or she will take to reduce the
chances of acquiring HIV. The counselor's role is to assist the client
in developing a realistic plan.
OUTREACH SERVICES: Usually refers to services provided outside the
walls of an agency. An outreach worker might go to a client's home or
neighborhood.
PARENTERAL: Taken into the body through intravenous or intramuscular
injection.
PHLEBOTOMY: Collecting a blood sample for laboratory testing by
inserting a needle in a person's vein.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: Acknowledging healthy behaviors or intentions
through some mechanism that indicates approval, intended to be
perceived as rewarding.
POSITIVE TEST: For HIV, a sample of blood that is reactive on an
initial ELISA test, repeatedly reactive on a second ELISA run on the
same specimen, and confirmed positive on Western blot or other
supplemental test.
PREVALENCE: The total number of persons in a given population with a
disease or condition at a given point in time.
PREVENTION COUNSELING: Counseling which is designed to facilitate the
client's perception of risk, identify behavior changes that the client
has already implemented and barriers to the client's previous efforts
to reduce risk, and to assist the client in developing a plan to
reduce risk regardless of whether or not he or she takes the test.
Prevention counseling that takes place prior to HIV testing should
prepare the client for receiving and managing his or her test results.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUES: A process by which a counselor tries to
discover the basis of barriers indicated by some verbal or nonverbal
communication from the client. After the barriers have been
identified, possible solutions are discussed.
PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT: Medications given to help prevent infection or
its consequences.
RETROVIRUS: One of a group of RNA viruses. HIV is a retrovirus.
RISK ASSESSMENT: Used in this document, risk assessment is that
portion of a client-centered discussion that encourages the client to
identify and acknowledge his or her personal risk for acquiring HIV.
SENSITIVITY: The probability that a test will be positive when
infection is present.
SPECIFICITY: The probability that a test will be negative when the
infection is not present.
SPERMICIDE: A substance that kills sperm.
TRIAGE ASSESSMENT: The process that determines whether someone should
be referred to counseling. Triage assessment facilitates prevention
counseling services for those persons at increased risk for HIV.
WESTERN BLOT: A laboratory test that detects specific antibodies to
components of a virus. Often used to confirm HIV antibodies in
specimens found repeatedly reactive using the ELISA test for HIV
antibodies.
DISTRIBUTED BY GENA/aegis (714.248.2836 * 8N1/Full Duplex). SOURCE:
National AIDS Clearinghouse.